FREE ESSAY ON TRANSCENDENTAL

TRANSCENDENTAL

Transcendental and Anti-Transcendental Movements
During the New England Renaissance period of 1840-1855, literature underwent two very 
distinct movements known as Transcendentalism and Anti-Transcendentalism. Both movements

were very influential and consisted of authors such as Ralph Waldo Emerson
(Transcendentalist) 
and Nathaniel Hawthorne (Anti-Transcendentalist). Concentrating their ideas on human
nature 
and intuition, rather than on logic and reason, both these movements served as a
flourishing revolt 
against previously accepted ideas.
The Transcendental movement focused its ideas on the essential unity of creation, the
pure 
goodness of humanity and in individual intuition as the highest source of knowledge,
rather than 
sensory experience. Optimism dominated people's thoughts and was shown in the ideas of
the 
Transcendentalists. The Transcendentalists believed deeply in human potential and in the
purity of 
Nature. Truth, they believed, was also reflected in Nature and how it made you feel, and
Nature 
was a reflection of the beauty of human nature. They focused on the possibilities of the
human 
spirit and the capability of it reaching the Over Soul. The Over Soul is the so-called
state in 
which all beings (Nature, God, and Humanity) are spiritually united. During this
movement, 
individualism, self-reliance, and rejection of traditional authority were also highly
stressed. A 
literary work which reflects the Transcendental ideas is Ralph Waldo Emerson's
Self-Reliance. 
Emerson's quotes display the reader a clear image of ideas which Transcendentalists
believed in.
In Self-Reliance,written by Ralph Waldo Emerson, the Transcendental philosophy of life 
is highly stressed. Self Reliance focuses its theme around the Transcendental idea of 
individualism. ..That imitation is suicide, a quote from Self-Reliance, shows the reader
that 
transcendentalists stressed the individual rather than conforming to society and being a
follower. 
Emerson also writes that, The power which resides in him (referring to all humans) is new
in 
nature, and none but he knows what that is which he can do, nor does he know until he has
tried.
This reflects the idea of the Transcendentalism which looks at the possibilities of the
human spirit, 
and what it can achieve. 
Contrasting Transcendentalism, Anti-Transcendentalism focused on the darkness of the 
human soul. Anti-Transcendentalism believed that the Transcendental point of view was
much too 
optimistic, and the works of the literary authors overlooked the evil that plagued man. 
Anti-Transcendentalists embraced the existence of sin and evil, which made their literary
pieces 
very dark. They viewed Nature as a two-sided force, having both a graceful side and a
destructive 
side. For Anti-Transcendentalists, Nature reflected all that was paradoxical and
unexplainable. 
Their focus was also on the limitations of the human spirit, and stressed the idea that
each of us 
held potential destructiveness. This literary movement consisted of only two writers,
being 
Nathaniel Hawthorne and Hermen Melville. In Hawthorne's The Minister's Black Veil, 
Anti-transcendental ideas can be recognized throughout the entity of the story.
Nathaniel Hawthorne's, The Minister's Black Veil, deals with sin and concealed guilt, 
with hypocrisy and humility, in a dark tale that shows the true insight of the Puritan
conscience. 
His story reflects the Anti-Transcendental ideas, using a black veil covering a
minister's face to 
symbolize human sin. He symbolized the Anti-Transcendental ideas of life's truths beings

disturbing. The subject (referring to minister) had bad reference to secret sin, and
these sad 
mysteries which we hide from our nearest and dearest, and would fain conceal from our 
consciousness, even forgetting that the omniscient can detect them. This quote from this
story, is 
an example of the Anti-Transcendental idea that we all have sins which we hide, and it is
a 
hypocrisy to hide those sins, because God can still see them. In the following
description, it can be 
noticed that Hawthorne continues to show the fear of sin and also now, the sin of the
Earth 
(Nature). At that instant, catching a glimpse of his figure in the looking glass, the
black veil 
involved his own spirit in the horror with which overwhelmed all others. His frame
shuddered, his 
lips grew white, he spilled the untasted wine upon the carpet and rushed forth into the
darkness. 
For the Earth, too, had on her Black Veil. Nature, as believed by the
Anti-Transcendentalists, 
was a symbol of everything unexplainable, and since nobody in the village knew (or wanted
to 
admit) what the black veil symbolized, Mr. Hooper running into nature's darkness is
symbolic of 
this Anti-Transcendental idea.
Both the Transcendental and Anti-Transcendental movements, influenced literature 
greatly. The authors during the movements concentrated on reflecting the ideas (of the 
corresponding movement) to the reader in a symbolic way through literature. The
literature builds 
the idea of humanity and nature in different perspectives, which reflects the principle
ideas of both 
the movements.