FREE ESSAY ON CRIMINAL JUSTICE

CRIMINAL JUSTICE

Criminal Justice - Juvenile Delinquency in America and its causes 
Remember doing something mischievous or wrong when you were a kid and getting the label
delinquent slapped on you ? Did you ever wonder what it meant ? That is what my topic
for today is . . . juvenile delinquency. In this report I will: define juvenile
delinquency, give the extent of juvenile delinquency, give some suggestions on what
causes
juvenile delinquency, and what is being done in various communities to deal with this
growing problem. The legal term juvenile delinquent was established so that young
lawbreakers could avoid the disgrace of being classified in legal records as criminals. 
Juvenile delinquency laws were designed to provide treatment, rather than punishment,
for
juvenile offenders. Young delinquents usually are sent to juvenile courts, where the
main
aim is to rehabilitate offenders, rather than to punish them. But the term juvenile
delinquency itself has come to imply disgrace in today's society. A youngster can be
labeled a delinquent for breaking any one of a number of laws, ranging from robbery to
running away from home. But an action for which a youth may be declared a delinquent in
one community may not be against the law in another community. In some communities, the
police ignore many children who are accused of minor delinquencies or refer them
directly
to their parents. But in other communities, the police may refer such children to a
juvenile court, where they may officially be declared delinquents. Crime statistics,
though they are often incomplete and may be misleading, do give an indication of the
extent
of the delinquency problem. The FBI reports that during the early 1980's, about
two-fifths
of all arrests in the United States for burglary and arson were of persons under the age
of
18. Juveniles also accounted for about one-third of all arrests for larceny. During any
year, about 4 % of all children between the ages of 10 and 18 appear in a juvenile court.

The percentage of youngsters in this group who are sent to court at least once is much
higher. A third or more of those boys living in the slum areas of large cities may
appear
in a juvenile court at least once. Girls are becoming increasingly involved in juvenile
delinquency. Today, about one of every five youngsters appearing in juvenile court is a
girl. In the early 1900's, this ratio was about 1 girl to every 50 or 60 boys.
Sociologists have conducted a number of studies to determine how much delinquency is not
reported to the police. Most youngsters report taking part in one or more delinquent
acts,
though a majority of the offenses are minor. Experts have concluded that youthful
misbehavior is much more common than is indicated by arrest records and juvenile court
statistics. Many studies have been made in an effort to determine the causes of
delinquency. Most of these have focused on family relationships or on neighborhood or
community conditions. The results of these investigations have shown that it is doubtful
that any child becomes a delinquent for any single reason. Family Relationships,
especially those between parents and individual children, have been the focus of several
delinquency studies. An early study comparing delinquent and nondelinquent brothers
showed
that over 90 % of the delinquents had unhappy home lives and felt discontented with
their
life circumstances. Only 13 % of their brothers felt this way. Whatever the nature of
the
delinquents' unhappiness, delinquency appeared to them to be a solution. It brought
attention to youths neglected by their parents, or approval by delinquent friends, or it
solved problems of an unhappy home life in other ways. More recent studies have revealed
that many delinquents had parents with whom they did not get along or who were
inconsistent
in their patterns of discipline and punishment. Neighborhood conditions have been
stressed
in studies by sociologists. Many of these inquiries concentrate on differing rates of
delinquency, rather than on the way individuals become delinquents. A series of studies
have shown that delinquency rates are above average in the poorest sections of cities. 
Such areas have many broken homes and a high rate of alcoholism. They also have poor
schools, high unemployment, few recreational facilities, and high crime rates. Many
young
people see delinquency as their only escape from boredom, poverty, and other problems.
Social scientists have also studied the influence of other youngsters on those who
commit
delinquencies. For example, they point out that most youngsters who engage in delinquent
behavior do so with other juveniles and often in organized gangs. Studies indicate that
the causes of delinquency also extend to a whole society. For example, delinquency rates
tend to be high among the low-income groups in societies where most people are
well-to-do. 
The pain of being poor and living in slum conditions are felt more strongly in a rich
society than in a poor one. Many efforts have been made to develop programs of
delinquency
prevention. There is little evidence, however, that any of these programs is truly
effective. Some programs provide counseling services to youths who appear to be on the
verge of becoming delinquents. Other programs draw youngsters into clubs and
recreational
centers in an effort to keep them away from situations in which delinquency is likely to
occur. In recent years, many efforts have centered on improving the educational and work
skills of youngsters. For those juveniles who have already become delinquents, there are
programs designed to prevent them from committing future delinquent acts. Probation
services are offered through juvenile courts in an effort to provide guidance for
delinquent children. The more progressive institutions for juveniles attempt to provide
treatment programs for offenders--work experiences, counseling, education, and group
therapy. However, many other institutions provide little more than protective custody
for
juvenile delinquents. In conclusion, I have defined juvenile delinquency, explained the
extent of juvenile delinquency, gave some suggestions on what causes juvenile
delinquency,
and what is being done in various communities to deal with the problem of juvenile
delinquency.