FREE ESSAY ON ARE VOTERS FOOLS

ARE VOTERS FOOLS

Are Voters Fools?
Throughout the twentieth century there has been a large debate on the explicit knowledge
of the voting public. As unfortunate as it may seem, the political scientists and
theorists of our nation have not placed much belief in the knowledge of these people. The
voters of America have been criticized in studies and defragmented in surveys as these
political theorists try to answer the undaunting question, "are voters fools?" The answer
is not one single comprehensive study indeed. It is a complex quest to understand exactly
what it is that makes the American public tick, or rather what does not. I believe that
the people of our great nation are in fact smarter than our theorists would have us
believe. Thus, my thesis is that voters are certainly not fools. 
The 1990's can most definitely be categorized as an era of change. As the new millennium
approaches, the world is in a constant state of variation. In America, the people have
become much more free spirited, more open to new things and certainly more politically
incorrect. It seems that as the years progress people in the political arena are finding

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it more acceptable to admit wrongdoing and act as they wish to, as opposed to doing
everything on eggshells in hopes that the public will approve. It is not to say that
politicians do not act in the needs of their constituents and voters at all. It just
seems harder these days to pinpoint exactly who such people have become. As Niemi and
Weisberg denote in one of their studies, " It has long been recognized that a person's
vote does not depend solely on the candidates and issues of the current election." There
are many factors that determine exactly what it is that makes the public wish to vote in
a given election for a candidate. 
In the olden days, there was a fairly simple chart decreeing what exactly it was that
made the voting population vote in the way that it did. The first of those was the issues
of a race which have now become strikingly unimportant. The second and third labels on
the chart are candidates and parties which seemed to be incredibly important. How times
have changed. It takes a vast effort of telephone pleading and campaign begging just to
get the voters to turn out. The problem with voting these days is that the American
public is simply apathetic to the American political system. Robert Downs suggests that
it is the systemic factors that are causing the voter turnout to be so low. The fact that
the public must register to vote, then mobilize into a group as well as follow 
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all of the elections that seem to take place with much too great a frequency makes the
turnout considerably decreased. 
Theorists have been trying desperately for years to understand why the American people
just are not voting the way they used to. The education rate has risen greatly and yet,
the voting population has been less. What could possibly explain such phenomenon? The
fact is that despite the rapid intellectual growth of our population, voter apathy has
not changed. Politicians need to realize that until they make a concerted effort to reach
the public and cater to its needs, they are not going to be any luckier in obtaining
their needed results then they have been in the last few years. 
Textera is one political scientist with some interesting ideas on why it is that the
public does not turn out to vote. Some would say it is because they are fools and just do
not have enough knowledge to understand the issues and pick a relevant candidate. I
believe that Taxtera hits the nail on the head quite nicely as he composes his theory of
voter turnout, and lack thereof. He accounts for thirty eight percent of the voter
decline in the last decade or so in three factors. His social rootedness theory is that
the younger voting population, as well as unmarried people and a more mobile citizenry
are simply less likely to vote. He attributes the other sixty two percent of the decline
to the public disconnecting itself from politics. He states that public identification
has vastly declined, as 
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has campaign involvement, as well as efficacy, the feeling that people just feel less
powerful in the political world. 
Another possible stab as to the problem with the American voting population today is that
they do not understand the issues and candidates placed in front of them. In the Nai and
Anderson study of the twin peak region, they found that voters were able to pick their
candidate from a list of others, but were not able to divulge a name if it was not handed
to them. This particular survey, and many others like it were used to determine the fact
that voters are in fact not fools, but more so people with a smaller understanding of
exactly what was going on in a given political race. The problem with the survey was the
survey itself. It is not to say that the people were stupid in any way or had no
understanding of the race; it was more the fact that they did know what was going on, but
were so far removed from the political spectrum that the plague of their disinterest in
local political events kept them from staying atop the pool of political knowledge. 
Powell is another political scientist with a theory on why there has been such a great
voting decline in the last thirty years. He believes that cultural and environmental
factors affect voter turnout more. He feels that increased institutional and legal
barriers depress turnout. He also claims that systemic factors should be removed. Lane
also states that 
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despite what most theorists claim, that voters are not ideologues, that they are in fact
ideologues, with their own personal ideologies. However, Lane also felt that the more
ideological an issue became, the less people knew. He was one of the survey analysts who
felt that voters were not fools. They did in fact have somewhat of an understanding of
issues and the candidates, but when it came to ideological issues such as abortion or gun
control, the public was almost inept, thus finding that despite their own personal
ideologies, they were not an ideological electorate. 
As we reach the end of the twentieth century, we realize that the systemic voter turnout
chart has vastly differed from that of the 'olden days'. In the 90's, it is no longer
party linkage that is important. It seems that rational issue voting has become a rather
important factor. This of course also states that voters certainly cannot be fools if it
is issues that have become so important. Parties used to be such a pivotal piece of the
voting puzzle because it was so easy for a voter to ally themselves with a party so they
would not have to research all of the issues for themselves. This is something that Down
would call "proximity voting", thus voting closest to the candidate who seemed closest to
the people on their voting issues. This has also made the case that retrospective voting
has died down as well. Therefore citizens who used to vote on the basis of past party
performance no longer act in this way. 
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Projection is another factor affecting how people vote. The people pick a candidate whom
they like and then believe that this candidate is going to think the way that they do and
therefore make the best representative for them. This of course will lead to persuasion,
when the voter is then persuaded to change their view to that of the candidate. This new
change from the voter choosing the party to the voter choosing an individual candidate is
illustrating that voters are indeed capable of thinking on their own. Due to the fact
that voters are increasingly turning to individual candidates to personify their views as
opposed to picking one party and voting straight ticket, one would believe that voters
are becoming more sophisticated. They no longer need the party to lead them and are
making decisions on their own. The role of the party has thus been forever changed and
modified. 
The dawn of a new era is upon us and many things are going to be changing. I do believe
that our political system will be one of them. It already has been. The fact that people
no longer need a party to lead them into a political race says a great deal about our
forever changing electorate body. It states that parties are sadly becoming
insignificant. It used to be that there was a democratic party, and a republican party.
You picked whichever one you felt suited you best and then stayed with it, unless briefly
but bolding splitting your ticket in a given race. In today's age of multiple parties,
and independent candidates, it is much easier for 
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the people to find a candidate instead of a party to hold at the highest of standards.
The party is soon to be obsolete. As Shulman and Pomper state, " Evidence of the
instability of partisanship led to the possibility that it was not totally long term but
was affected by short term factors." In this day and age there no longer seem to be long
term factors. It seems that everyone today is living in the moment of today due to the
lack of certainty in tomorrow. 
To conclude, I do not believe that voters are fools. I think that there are many factors
which affect the way in which they think and act. Voting today is not what it used to be
to say the least. People no longer identify with one given party and many just do not
care about the political system. The problem with our voting population is that we are
completely apathetic to the political institution. Politics has become so far removed
from everyday life and everyday people that we don't know where to find the reality
anymore. This is why people are not turning out at the voting booths in droves. They
don't believe what the politicians are trying to sell to them. What a sad state of
affairs when we do not even trust the people who lead our country enough to lead
themselves. Our country needs so desperately to find a way to integrate its people into
its political system. For, as one states, "Without voting, democracy would not exist." 
Bibliography
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